About the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a Cabinet-level department in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government. The Justice Department is responsible for enforcing the laws enacted by Congress, administration of the U.S. justice system, and ensuring that the civil and constitutional rights of all Americans are upheld. The DOJ was established in 1870, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and spent its early years prosecuting members of the Ku Klux Klan. The DOJ oversees the activities of multiple federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The DOJ represents and defends the U.S. government’s position in legal proceedings, including cases heard by the Supreme Court. The DOJ also investigates cases of financial fraud, administers the federal prison system, and reviews the actions of local law enforcement agencies according to the provisions of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. In addition, the DOJ oversees the actions of the 93 U.S. Attorneys who represent the federal government in courtrooms nationwide. Organization and History The Department of Justice is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the U.S. Senate. The Attorney General is a member of the President’s Cabinet. At first, a one-person, part-time job, the position of Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. At the time, the duties of the Attorney General were limited to providing legal advice to the president and Congress. Until 1853, the Attorney General, as a part-time employee, was paid substantially less than the other Cabinet members. As a result, those early Attorneys General typically supplemented their salary by continuing to conduct their own private law practices, often representing paying clients before state and local courts in both civil and criminal cases. In 1830 and again in 1846, various members of Congress tried to make the Attorney Generals Office a full-time position. Finally, in 1869, Congress considered and passed a bill creating a Department of Justice to be headed by a full-time Attorney General. President Grant signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870, and the Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1, 1870. Appointed by President Grant, Amos T. Akerman served as America’s first Attorney General and used his position to vigorously pursue and prosecute Ku Klux Klan members. During President Grants first term alone, the Justice Department had issued indictments against Klan members, with over 550 convictions. In 1871, those numbers increased to 3,000 indictments and 600 convictions. The 1869 law that created the Department of Justice also increased the Attorney Generals responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys, the prosecution of all federal crimes, and the exclusive representation of the United States in all court actions. The law also permanently barred the federal government from using private lawyers and created the office of Solicitor General to represent the government before the Supreme Court. In 1884, control of the federal prison system was transferred to the Justice Department from the Department of the Interior. In 1887, enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act gave the Justice Department responsibility for some law enforcement functions. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order giving the Justice Department responsibility for defending the United States against claims and demands filed against the government. Mission Statement The mission of the Attorney General and the U.S. Attorneys is: â€Å"To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.†

How to Get Software Requirements Right Free Essays

How to get Software Requirements right Abstract The importance of getting the software requirement right has made big difference to so many major projects in the IT industry. Many techniques and solutions have been developed for understanding and getting software requirements right first time in the software development life cycle, but fewer people are taking these techniques into account and this is the reason why most of the IT projects are failing. I define here how to get software requirements right and why it has become some important to get software requirements right. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Get Software Requirements Right or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Requirements Analysis is known as the process which allows us to understand the customer needs and expectation from proposed software. It is the first and one of the main stages in the Software Development Life Cycle model. Software requirements are functional and non-functional requirements of the system, which includes a brief description of how a system should behave as well as brief descriptions of a system’s functions. Software requirements can state what an application is expected to do. Outsource2India pointed out that â€Å"the software requirement analysis process includes the complex task of eliciting and documenting the requirements of all the users, modelling and analysing the requirements and documenting them as a basis for system design†. There are different level and types of software requirement, which should be defined to get software requirements right. As shown in Figure 1, Business level requirements are there to define the business problem, business opportunities as well as what business is requesting as a solution of the problem. A user level requirement looks at the functionality of the software from user’s view. Product level requirements are where we define functional and non-functional requirements of the system such as the functionalities of the software and the usability needs it should meet. The reason why Software Requirements is known to be very important and major role in developing a project is because it gives the developer a brief description of what he/she needs to develop. It gives them better understanding of a system, which results in better system. Eliciting, analysing and writing good requirements is the hardest and most difficult part of building a software system because if you don’t get the requirements right, it doesn’t matter how well you do anything else. It is said Outsource2India that â€Å"Software companies are now investing time and resources into effective and streamlined Software Requirements Analysis Processes as a prerequisite to successful projects that align with the client’s business goals and meet the project’s requirement specifications†. If the requirements of software are incomplete, software practitioners will end up building software that does not meet the needs of the customer and the user. State of the Art As mentioned earlier, requirement analysis is one of the most important phases in the entire software development life cycle. It is very important to identify and understand the software requirement before moving on to other phases of software development life cycle. It was said by Pooja. R. Gupta that â€Å"When project managers plan for the software development they need to plan for adequate time and resource allocation for this phase†. Experienced requirement analyst like Hooks and Ferry has said that result of getting requirement right, early in the project, can save one-third or more of the overall project budget, which again states how important it is to get software requirements right in order to save time, money as well as achieve goals of the software. Another experienced requirement analyst Leffingwell points out that if you get your software requirements right at the beginning then it can save you the cost of fixing requirements errors as the cost of fixing requirements account for 70% to 80% of your rework costs. Getting requirements right is the most critical aspect of the software development cycle. Software Productivity Centre mentioned that most of the companies come up short; studies point to a failure rate of more than 60% for IT projects, with poor requirements as one of the top five reasons. Moreover, when requirements are specified early in the lifecycle, 80% of the functionality is relatively unwanted by the users and 45% of these features are never used. These problems mean costly rework, compromised product quality, delayed delivery on current projects and start of new ones, lost credibility and lowered revenue opportunities. Developing and managing requirements at the start of a software project can provide significant benefits to the whole outcome: – Quicker and easier to develop and deliver high value products. – Greater insights into development capacity and capabilities. – Better understanding of the organisation and customer needs. – Higher business and user satisfaction with the overall product. – Closer alignment with business goals and expectations. – Cost saving – Result of the product is what the company actually required so get a product that meets the requirements of the system. Reduces rework and conflicts which would have come from unclear and ambiguous requirements. How to get the requirements right? According to Pooja. R. Guptam, in order to get the software requirements right, it can be very beneficial to cover all the following aspects of requirement analysis: 1. Define the problem and High level description of the solution: It is very im portant to understand the problem and the need for solution. The requirement analyst needs to understand how the new solution going to help and what benefits it is going to provide to the company. 2. Cover needs of all stakeholders and users of the solution: At this point, you must identify and understand the needs of the stake holders as well the users who are ultimately going to use the new system because you need to produce the system, which meets user requirements. 3. Define what the solution should and should not do: It is very obvious that we might know what the solution should do but we always forget the we also need to understand and define what the solution will not do so that requirements can be stated in a manner that we won’t be left with any imagination or doubts. 4. Define the features required: This is one of the main tasks of a requirement analyst. It is very important to define the functional and non-functional requirements of the software solution before starting to design the solution. Defining the functional and non-functional requirement is not all that needs to be done; you must also make sure that they are the correct requirements. 5. Capture all supporting information: It’s a good idea to include and record details of any processes followed, workflow, information flow, etc. It is also beneficial to record any other information which might be relevant to the solution. Conclusion In my opinion, I believe software requirements play quite a big role in the whole software development life cycle. The experience of developing such software project has made it so clear how important software requirement can be. Defining software requirements earlier in the project can provide the best solution of a system at the end. In my personal experience of developing software projects has given me the idea of how to get software requirements right, which are to firstly create requirement definition because it is the foundation of effective software delivery. Secondly, define requirements among stakeholders to address their needs, business problems and the vision of the software so that stakeholder’s goals and objectives can be met because if stakeholders requirements are not met or unclear then the developer will have difficulty building the solution without rework, which results in longer development lifecycles and higher costs. By investing more time on software requirements early in the software development process can save time, effort as well as money in the short and long terms. By following these paths in developing software projects can lead to a successful system. As mentioned earlier about the types of requirements that should be identified before moving to other part of software life cycle. It is very important to define all the business level, user level and the product level requirements because a developer needs all of these requirements in order to develop the right software. It is a very idea to follow the software development life cycles, which defines that requirement analysis is the first process of developing a project. In my previous projects, I believe a software development model has helped in defining the right requirements so it is a good advice to take this into consideration when designing any kind of software projects. Requirement Definition process also helps in defining the right requirement. References James A. Ward http://www. stickyminds. com/sitewide. asp? Function=edetailObjectType=ARTObjectId=9150tth=DYNtt=siteemailiDyn=2 Software Productivity Centre http://www. spc. ca/dc_software_requirements. htm Pooja R. Gupta http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Tips-For-Getting-the-Software-Requirement-Analysis-Right-the-First-Timeid=1714473 IBM http://www. utdallas. edu/~chung/RE/Getting_requirements_right-avoiding_the_top_10_traps. pdf Brianna Smith, delivery engagement manager, Rational software, IBM Software Group Lisa Garrity, technical professional, Rational software, IBM Software Group Theresa Kratschmer, senior software engineer, Rational software, IBM Software Group http://www. modernanalyst. com/Resources/Articles/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1084/Getting-Your-Requirements-Right-Collaborate-With-Stakeholders-To-Work-Smarter. aspx My project Management http://myprojectmanagement. com/category/requirement-analysis/ How to cite How to Get Software Requirements Right, Papers

Rationalization of Hip Hop free essay sample

Hip-Hop Sameness In contemporary popular culture, hip-hop music Is as ubiquitous as Taylor Swift, the new teen pop sweetheart, or arguably more popular than the once-prevailing American genre, rock and roll music. However, although one can argue that a wide breadth of hip-hop pervades the airways, it would be very difficult to contend that a wide depth of the genre is played. In fact, the vast majority of mainstream hip-hop music focuses on money and buying things with that money be it cars, clothes, jewelry or women.Hip-hop, once known for being a highly political social commentary has largely been reduced to music videos with half-naked dancing women, drawing scrutiny from media broadcasters such as Opera and Bill Reilly. Considering its activist roots, the question remains why Is mainstream hip-hop focused on the glorification of money and power through possession? There are many possible explanations for the degeneration of music In the public sphere that Is, why hip hop music that Is most-widely received on television, on the radio, and In magazines has a one-dimensional and superficial message. This paper will argue that mainstream hip-hop lyrics primarily focus on obtaining and spending money for two reasons: the first being that rappers, who write their lyrics, become slaves to their possessions because of commodity fetishism. The second reason has a broader discourse: because this theme is highly lucrative, it is bolstered by music corporations, who rationalize and Nationalized (duplicate) music that will be successful, disregarding lyrical content. This paper will focus on the causes through three sociological lenses: Max Weepers theory of the rationalization of society, andGeorge Rioters contemporary addendum to this theory; the Nationalization of society. Weber and Relaters theories will serve as a large-scale explanation for the ever-increasing sameness of pop music In general. Karl Mars theory of commodity fetishism, the unrealistic attachment of the masses to their possessions, will explicate how rappers, as exploits of capitalism, become fixated on their belongings. Karl Marks theory of commodity fetishism is a vital component to explaining why rappers so often write about money. The number one hip-hop song on the 2009 Billboard Charts, was Live Your Life, a song by rapper T. Featuring pop princes s Iranian (Billboard Charts). The chorus repeats the importance of earning money to live a high life. The song was the De facto most widely played rap song on the radio, in nightclubs and other musical venues. There are endless possibilities of subjects rappers could be tiresomely obsessed with in our society trite song fare like love, hate, life and death, war, or even sex. Why, of all things, must it be things? Owning things, buying things, spending money, enjoying things essentially, taking full advantage of money and desperately needing money to fulfill this lifestyle.The answer becomes all too clear when one understands how our economic system, capitalism, trickles down to affect all facets of life. Karl Marx was a radical communist, exploitative in which the working class, the laborers (proletariat) worked to live hand-to-mouth while the owning class, or the bourgeoisie became progressively richer. In capitalist society, the bourgeoisie economic minority dominates and exploits the proletariat working cla ss majority through setting an unequal balance between the wages paid to the laborer and the amount of profits earned by the landowner. This division of labor ultimately results in men being enslaved by their Morning conditions. The division of labor offers us the first example of how, as long as man remains in natural society, that is, as long as cleavage exists between particular and the common interest, as long, therefore, as the activity is not totalitarian, but naturally, divided, mans own deed becomes an alien power opposed to him, which enslaves him instead of being controlled by him (Marx 42). Ere theory, which explains why rappers become indivisible from their earnings, is part of Mars theory of commodity fetishism.According to Marx, commodity fetishism is a byproduct of capitalism that instills the belief that there is some inherent value in commodities instead of acknowledging the value as being instilled through human labor. To quote Marx: A commodity appears, at first sight, a very trivial thing, and easily understood. So far as it is a value in use, there is nothing mysterious about it, whether we consi der it from the point of view that by its properties it is capable of satisfying human wants, or from the point that those properties are the product of human labor.The form of wood, for instance, is altered by making a table out of it. Yet, for all that the table continues to be that common, every-day thing, wood. But, so soon as it steps forth as a commodity, it is Changed into something transcendent. It not only stands with its feet on the ground, but, in relation to all other commodities, it stands on its head, and evolves out of its Noodle brain grotesque ideas, far more wonderful than if it were to dance of its own accord (Marx 62).Marx aimed to critique how capitalist societies fetishist commodities, believing that these objects containing value and bestow upon the user an intrinsic worth. In this quotation, Marx impresses upon the reader that a table is simply wood altered into hat we call table, transformed from human labor into something useful. However, there is a belief that once it is a commodity, once it is sold in stores and advertised to the consumer, it becomes transcendent and stands on its head, dancing. Suddenly it has qualities that make it super-human and therefore better than humanity. According to Marx, this belief pervaded all of capitalism and became a reason that people needed to work to live to buy things, all necessary to keep the capitalist yester afloat (63). Mars theory can also be applied to this hip-hop monotony. When rappers write songs about living your life and keep steady chasing that paper as the All. Song dictates (Harris), they are projecting their obsession with their commodities and the beatification of these commodities. To use a more recent popular hip-hop track, the song Say Ayah by Trey Songs featuring rapper Fabulous is a prime example.One verse : We dont buy no drinks at the bar/ we pop champagne cause En got that dough / pocket full of money / club going Jump / smelling like Dolce and ND is centrally about living a luxurious lifestyle that affords one the ability to drink top-shelf liquor at a night club (Billboard Charts). Marx would say that these rappers fetishist alcoholic beverages and believe that they are distilled with magical pow ers that foster having a more enjoyable time in a club setting. There is another level to explain why rappers so readily fetishist commodities, as opposed to Indies folk singers or neo-soul groups.One can draw a correlation between these artists growing up poor and black, desperately seeking a way out of urban decay and seizing hip-hop music as that opportunity. Sociologist James Peterson believes that through observing the former social location of most hip-hop artists, it becomes easy to discern why this particular genre has cornered the market on materialism. In Dead Presence: Money and Mortal themes in Hip Hop Culture, Peterson argues that the intersection of poverty and blackness leads hip-hop artists who come from destitute roots to become fixated on the idea of having money.Because these artists grew up Introit luxuries like name brands and gratuitous amenities, the ascension to a level of corpulent wealth enables the desire to buy commodities and wield them as if they eave transformed the buyer into someone else. Peterson says that the v ernacular dead presidents developed a socio-linguistic conception for money in poor, urban areas because of the tacit presence of untimely death through gang activity (897). In turn, possessing dead presidents is a way to vindicate a lack of success in obtaining the American Dream denied to black men because of racism, poverty, and imprisonment. Peterson defines the American dream as the symbol of American living that excludes poor black men a well-paying Job, nice house, and happy family 1895). For these men, the President of the United States is the personification of the American Dream and if he can not advocate for disenfranchised black men while living, then it is poetic Justice to own him while he is dead (895). Peterson makes a broad connection to Mars theory commodity fetishism in his discursive about these once-impoverished black men obtaining monetary wealth and needing their new- found success to develop self-worth. [Rapper] Racism contemplates his transition from being a stick-up kid (robbing people for money) to the CEO of a record label No eats caviar ND the financial success that keeps him rapping to prevent ever going back to that hopeless past (Peterson 895). Peterson analysis of rappers indication of their past wrongdoings through continuous earnings of dead presidents explores the personal dimension of commodity fetishism and its effect on artistry.Men who grew up with nothing, men who become some of the most prolific hip hop artists in the mainstream, take the painful memories of their past and transform them into the positive a boastful braggadocio about the things they do have, what they can afford and how it has affected their lives. This is reflected in their song lyrics and music videos. In example, rapper T. L. Grew up in a ghetto of Atlanta and started selling drugs at the age of 13. Somehow he garnered attention as a rapper and got a record contract at 19 (Wisped). Fast-forward ten years and his most popular sing is a song entitled Whatever U Like, which was number one on the Billboard Charts. The song literally entices a potential female by telling her she can have whatever she likes clothing, Jewelry, vacations, cars. Essentially, any commodity that money can buy that somehow transforms the female into super- re compelled by commodity fetishism to boost their images and present to the listener an enviable lifestyle. As Marx would say, the commodity fetishism present in the lyrics of hip-hop artist is indicative of the workers enslavement to capitalism and the daily-grind.There is another explanation for why the hip-hop music that is Model broadcasted seems to be focused on money and all that one can buy with money Max Weepers theory on rationalization of modern society. This theory is a key component to this seeming obsession with possession, that our entire society is predicated on the rationalization and bureaucratically. According to Web er, in order to increase efficiency every methodological way of proceeding or getting anything done, has turned into a highly bureaucratic process that ensures predictability. In steering the course of societal development, values, traditions, and emotions were being displaced in favor or formal and impersonal practices. While such practices may breed greater efficiency in obtaining designated ends, they also lead to the disenchantment of the world, where there are no mysterious and incalculable forces that come into play, but rather that one can, in principle, master all things by ululation (Weber 146). Ere surety of this predictability comes at the expense of spontaneity, surprise, and thus, excitement.Those affected by this rationalization are everyday citizens who slowly become disenchanted by day-to-day living, as there is very little that we cannot control or alter. As a result, Weber believed that rather than increasing freedom and autonomy, rationalization makes a slavish adherence to the rules of the modern bureaucracy and ultimately imprisons the individual within the iron cage of rationalized institutions, organizations, and activities. In Max Weber and the Sociology of Music, Alan Turtle expounds upon how the music industry is affected by the rationalization process. Musicians are certainly influenced by their social, spatial, economic, and cultural environment, but these are not the primary issues for a musicians production of music. Yet, if one were to rely on Weepers theory alone, economic rationale would have to be the bases for musical production and consumption (634). Thus, Turtle believes that while musicians are inspired by their lives for lyrical content, the primary reason for the music that we hear today is not he artists themselves. Instead, rappers are not so much the artists of their music, as the conveyers of a product from corporations.George Rioters extension of this Inebriate idea, the theory of the Nationalization of society further explores why hip-hop is increasingly rationalized, and increasingly more of the same talk of money and possessions. Ritzier, like Weber, believes that all facets of social life are slowly conforming to the same criteria of rationalization, as defined by the businesses and corporations with advertising power. Rationalization involves the increasing effort to ensure predictability from one time or place to another.People want to know what to expect in all settings at all times (58). Ritzier is saying that the fast food industry and the complete McDonalds empire of rationalized fast, convenient, easy food is one example of controlling consumers. Big corporations are also Nationalizing other mediums of public consumption, and hip-hop music is that medium, in this argument. Because the hip hop industry makes $2 billion annually in music sales has an effective formula, and big conglomerates see no need to alter what is still Morning (Micrometer 96).The result of this is music on the airways that glorifies money and whatever money can buy. Peterson makes a conjecture that music corporations are aware of the impact of rappers bragging about their ice and take full advantage of that. With the popularity of rap since the early ass, the linkage of corporate strategies and marketing techniques has undeniably altered the trajectory of hip hop (899). Peterson further explains how corporations capitalized on the showing off of hip hop artists. Coming from places where money was tight, possessing luxury items are a sign of status for rappers. Rappers are highly influential, and wearing thousands of dollars of ice around their necks not only affected their audience, but also their state-of-mind. Being sponsored to wear Nikkei Air Force Ones sneakers or even top-shelf liquor like Couriers was a way for rappers to display their status and prestige and corporations made a nice profit from the fans of rap music who desperately sought the same lifestyle (900).Therefore, hip hop music is further rationalized and Nationalized because the music corporations have a vested interest in making a profit from hip hop fans. If en from this perspective, it is no wonder that hip hop music sends a message loud and clear: access to money is supreme, money and what you can buy with it. In a sense, the rationalization of hip-hop music is more attributed to the record companies than the artists themselves because of the influence of the corporat ions.In Music, Corporate Power, and Unending War, Martin Schrodinger makes a strong argument about how corporations own and thereby control the culture industry, specifically music. Schrodinger cites Max Herkimer and Theodore Adorns theory about all cultural activities being increasingly controlled by corporate chicanery (Schrodinger 24). Due to the extreme concentration of ownership of the mass media, the music industry has become a major site of centralized power; AOL rime Warner owns magazines, publishing houses, retail stores, production companies, libraries, sports teams, and radios.Thus, musical production has become forced to succumb to the marketing and styling of narrow, profit-driven criteria (26). Specifically relating to the rationalization of pop music, Schrodinger outlines how mass-produced music has a tendency to hegemonic stereotypical ideas for the sake f quantity and therefore quality or message of music suffers. These corporate strategies provide ever more ways of rationalizing and monitoring the activities of producers and consumers alike, as a means of increasing profits (45). The bottom line is that the music is profitable.Therefore, while T. L. s single Hell of a Life may detail how lavish his lifestyle is, and is thematically no different than Whatever U Like, it has a good beat and subject matter that will entice and entertain consumers. Schrodinger suggests that artists ultimately have little control surrounding the work they produce, beyond their genre. Therefore, hip hop artists are being encouraged to produce music that mentions name brands and opulence because that in turn encourages consumers (or listeners) to buy things that corporations are selling.This theory looks at the rationalization of hip-hop as merely one of many genres being micro-managed, and rappers themselves are supplanted to regurgitate messages of said lifestyle per a capitalistic scheme. Mars theory of commodity fetishism and but can be pooled to find a common ground. Commercial hip-hop, the music that is played on the radio, is controlled by conglomerate whose aim is to target consumers ND have them purchase more of the music or the commoditie s mentioned in the lyrics. Hip-hop is a particularly profitable sector to rationalize because of the social location of both its performers, and some listeners. Many popular rap artists who grew up in poverty relish rapping about the money and things that they have gained n their careers, because psychologically they are fixated on the commodities that they believe make them more important than who they used to be. This is a perfect match for record labels who can make a profit exploiting the hip-hop listeners who re still impoverished themselves, and use hip-hop music as a sort of refuge from everyday life.To put it simply, hip-hop artists are obsessed with things they have now because it is a signifier of their newly gained status, and companies rationalize this music because it succeeds. Hip-hop is oft-talked about and popularized in the public sphere. The consistent question is aimed at the negative impacts of hip-hop on [Out. Seen from the perspective of how the rationalization of hip-hop, via commodity f etishism and Nationalization of music, is affecting contemporary progeny, the implications are numerous. The young people who are listening to hip- hop and retaining the messages from it are impacted.In a 2003 research study done on adolescents feelings toward rap music, 90% of black youth surveyed stated that they felt rap was a truthful reflection of society (Sullivan 616). That is, that what rappers say about important and relevant to the adolescents lives the message that IS being sent to these youth is one that glorifies consumerism, materialism, and essentially buying happiness through this commodity fetishism. This is problematic because it instills an unrealistic view of what one can attain monetarily and cultural ales to pass on to the next generation.

Canadian Economic History

Introduction Canada, a country believed to have gotten its name by slip-up when a French explorer mistook the village word â€Å"Kanata† for â€Å"Canada†, is today one of the greatest economic hubs and the second largest country in the world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Economic History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The world sometimes jokingly refers to it as a country that runs from â€Å"sea to sea.† Diverse Aboriginal people predominantly inhabit Canada and it consists of 10 provinces and 3 territories, mostly dominated by the British and French settlers (Kalman 4-13). Through the Canada Act of 1982, the country strengthened its political muscles by becoming a federal state and placing Queen Elizabeth II at its head. It is today a â€Å"bilingual and multicultural state governed through parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy† (Cyr 41). The latter syste m is also the basis on which the executive, legislative, and judicial arms of state are founded. In addition, Canada stands out, within the continent and elsewhere in the world, as a country governed by economic transparency. The country also does satisfactorily well in the international rankings in major areas like political freedom, respect for human rights, education, and quality of life. Purpose of the Paper The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical examination of the â€Å"Canadian Economic History†. Canada’s economy is significantly one of the largest economies in the world today, with an approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP. It is also one of the highest liberal economies across America and Europe as per the heritage index of economic freedom. Perhaps the major question is how Canada has made it this far economically. For many people, the answer could be the expansion of the political freedom in Canada, or the establishment of more democratic i nstitutions, bringing about transparency in the economic sector. According to this paper, however, the answer lies in the economic history of the nation. This essay has thus been structured around the Canadian economic history, which has been broken down into smaller significant areas, supported with different valid facts. The first part, â€Å"staples thesis†, is used to explain the nation’s resource-based economy given the complexity in understanding it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second part looks at the major staple commodities in the country’s history, while the third and fourth parts review the major economic philosophies before and after the expulsion of the French traders from Canada. Other significant areas addressed, especially in the seventh and eighth sections, analyze Canada’s economic status during and after the two World Wa rs and their impact on the present economy. The overall analysis determines Canada’s growth to its economic history. The Staples Thesis The Canadian economic history stands out for the fact that all the economic frameworks that worked well in other nations, mostly in Europe, either failed to work in Canada or had little impact. A good example is Marxist economic classes, which failed to address the country’s resource-based economy. Its complex economic relationship with other countries developed after the Second World War, particularly with the US (Easterbrook and Watkins 259). Given the complexity in understanding the Canadian economy, a section of historians has always employed the staples thesis to address fully the economic history of the country. This school of thought, â€Å"staples thesis†, which primarily focuses on the economic geography of Canada, proposes that the Canadian economic history should be studied from the perspective of natural resources (A ltman 230-55). Innis, one of the prominent scholars of this philosophy, argued that the country had economically flourished because of its staple commodities. He particularly listed fur, timber, fish, and agricultural products as major staple commodities that dared the economy into the international markets, especially in Europe and the United States. He further argued that, this economic partnership cemented the country’s cultural links in other major sectors. Within Canada, he argued, the different staple commodities led to the realization of different economies in the ten provinces. The economy of the Atlantic Canada, for instance, emerged from its trade in cod. The Western Canada heavily relied on wheat for its economy. In Central Canada, fur dominated the economy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Canadian Economic History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The remaining provinces also had their own stap le commodities that propelled their economies (Altman 230-55). Innis, however, argued that the fur trade boomed the general economy of Canada. Inasmuch as the ports opened the region to the United States, fur cemented Canada’s relationship with European nations, especially France and Britain. The proponents of this school of thought thus argue that Canada managed to sustain its economy because of its exportation of staple commodities. Canadian Economic History Way before the arrival of British and French settlers into the country, Canada had a great and vibrant trade networks within its boarders, which were primarily dominated by â€Å"waterways†. The natives traded in furs, tools, fish, and decorative items. Mostly, the traders used small boats given the extensive body waters that border and crisscross the country. They also heavily relied on hunting and gathering for food and a variety of other important items. When French and British traders started arriving, the na tives admired their alcohol, weapons, and jewels. In exchange of these products, they gave out pelts from their native beavers, which the European traders equally treasured. The result of this exchange led to profoundly strong economic and cultural relations between the natives and the European traders (Easterbrook and Aitken 23-50). Fur trade The fur trade was perhaps the most traded item that propelled the Canadian interior economy. The North American woodlands were full of many fur animals, and this element was an added advantage to the pelt industry for the natives, who were skilled hunters and gatherers would kill the animals and get pelt for the European merchants. In exchange, the natives got guns and textiles. They were also given luxury items like mirrors and beads from Europe (Carlos and Lewis 705-28). The other players in the fur trade were the woodsmen. They mainly brought pelts from the forest, through the Atlantic Ocean, to the major ports of Montreal and Quebec.Advert ising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the early phases of the trade, the French mainly dominated the major ports and trading forts in the region. The British traders built more elaborate and parallel networks in other promising ports and forts to scuttle French domination and open trade to other regions. As a result, a boisterous contention developed between the two nations. Timber Timber was the prevailing staple commodity in Canada in the early 19th century. Previously only known to the domestic market, timber became a large export market for Canada in the nineteenth century as most European countries exhausted their supplies. As the 18th century set it, forest reserves had vitiated considerably in the Great Britain and thus it turned to Canada to replenish its supplies. The Royal Navy, which had been built using the great oaks, was already getting old and most of the materials could not be re-used. Timber was also an important commodity to Great Britain for its merchant shipping and putting up of new structures in its colonies. Even the United States, which still had some timber reserves, saw the inevitable inadequacy of its stock and thus turned to Canada. However, the Napoleonic Wars boomed Canada’s timber industry. British needed timber for its wars, but it had none. The other involved countries in the war also had little or none. Canada became the massive business for timber-trade. Almost every province exploited the timber industry making it Canada’s most important commodity. The Bank of Montreal and some of the largest towns in Canada were allegedly built with the money generated from the timber industry. Fish Industry Another important feature before the Second World War was the fishing industry. Actually, the first group of European settlers in the region ended up in Canada through the Grand Banks of Newfoundland in search of fish. Norrie and Szostak posit that soon after, many boats â€Å"especially from France and Great Britain, traversed the land through the Atlanti c Ocean and would stay there during the summer and leave with fish at the end of the season† (46). The other factor that also boomed the fishing industry in the region was the dire need of fish in the Catholic dominated countries. The land was mainly dominated by anglers from regions that had scarce supply of salt, like those from Northern France and Britain. They mainly preserved their fish by hanging them on fish-racks on the main land. Since this process took months, they also built structures that soon became permanent settlements for most of them. Farming and other Agricultural Products Canada was also popular for its agricultural products. The country mainly produced wheat and canola in large quantities enough to supply to its regional neighbors. The agricultural sector was mainly boomed by the timber industry. The timber trade required men to stay in one zone for quite a long time. Given that there were many of these zones, the country needed to supply the workforce wit h enough food. In the beginning, the lumber towns and zones mostly relied on the US for much of their food, especially barrels of pork, but the shipping cost became high. The only available option was to invest in locally produced goods. Ontario City took an interest in farming and other high-grade consumer products. The main objective was to grow crops that would be harvested within shorter periods. They also began keeping cows and rearing chickens mainly for the growing urban market and workers at the timber locations. This captive market became the basis for permanent settlements and opened the region to other new markets (Kaman 24-26). Wheat boom industry Astoundingly, Canada experienced its highest economic growth in the late years of 1890s up to the eruption of the First World War. This era was also the phase of an immense structural transformation of the Canadian economy. The period is sometimes referred to as the â€Å"Wheat Boom Era† because of the massive export eco nomy that was based largely on wheat. The staple commodity became the golden crop for the Prairie Provinces and the larger economy of Canada. The wheat industry also led to the construction of the Pacific Railway line easing the transportation of the commodity and other products (Ward 856-83). Major Philosophies in the Canadian Economic History Canada’s economy has progressively grown, taking into consideration different factors. It was not just about the booming staple industries, but also the philosophies that guided these industries. These philosophies include Mercantilism, Corporatism, and Capitalism. French traders and settlers mainly used the first two schools of thought, while the British colonialists introduced capitalism, which is still the dominant philosophy in Canada. Mercantilism and Corporatism The Canadian economy during the colonial times mainly hinged on two philosophies, viz. the mercantilism and corporatism. The economic idea of mercantilism revolved on the notion of reaping maximum material benefits from the colonized land, for the mother country, with little or no imperial investment on the land itself. This system was common amongst French, who dominated the region between 1613 and 1621. In 1627, King Louis XIII introduced another system, corporatism, to include its habitants. The idea was to encourage economic corporation with everyone on the land, and this idea culminated into what is today called Canada (Leslie 20). Capitalism Capitalism is Canada’s dominant economic philosophy. After the expulsion of the French from Canada and the repeal of Corn Laws, the British government opened the market to other settlers. The idea of ‘Capitalism’ came from the colonial business elites that had taken an interest in the country’s economic trades. Their main aim was to create a local financial system, and they ultimately manifested this ideology in the banking and insurance sectors. The Canada Banking Company (1792) , the Bank of Montreal (1817), and the Bank of New Brunswick (1820) are some of the major banking systems of the period. Insurance companies included Sun Life (1865), Mutual Life (1870), and London Life (1874). Another important manifestation of this system was the creation of the Montreal Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange (Easterbrook and Aitken 445). Economic lessons before World War II Confederation The repeal of Corn Laws and the expulsion of French from Canada taught Canadians a great lesson just on how far they could economically count on foreigners. In addition, the cancelation of the preferential treatment with Great Britain also taught them very hard economic lessons. The greatest lesson was to never rely on one market for economic prosperity. In 1854, â€Å"the country signed its first treaty with the US termed the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty (CART), which opened its economy to the United States market† (Martin 237). The treaty flopped later, bu t the countries maintained their economic relationship. Another important factor was the Great Depression. Based on its economic relationship with the U.S, Canada was badly hit by the crisis that had originated in the American markets. As the U.S economy began to collapse, it was clear that the Canadian economy was quickly going to follow suit. At the end of the depression, the wheat industry was almost falling apart. The country also lost 30 per cent of its workforce. A fifth of the population literally relied on the government for assistance. The crisis was far worse in rural areas. Almost two thirds of the rural populace became reliant on relief food. With the U.S raising tariffs in their market, the Canadian wages and prices consequently fell by significant margins. Foreign investments drastically reduced, rates of crimes increased, and the population growth severely narrowed down. The other threatening situation was the escalating rates of unemployment. After World War II Canad a’s economy today is one of the largest economies in the world, with approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP. According to the research conducted in 2010 and 2011, the country was ranked as the world’s ninth and eleventh largest economy per income capita respectively. In economic freedom as per the heritage index, Canada is ranked the highest liberal economy across the entire North of American bloc and Europe beating major economies like the US and Germany. For instance, in 2008, the country imported record goods valued slightly over US$443 billion. Out of these, goods worth $281 billion originated from the US, $12 billion from Japan, and about $ 11.2 from the UK (Messick and Kimura 21-40). Canadian economy is a mixed economy relying mostly on its natural resources and international trade. On natural resources, Canada’s economy mainly relies on the logging and petroleum industries, which mainly come after manufacturing, mining, and service sectors. Of the thr ee sectors, the service industry stands out as the primary sector housing about three quarters of the country’s labor force. The country also exports energy, which is an uncommon phenomenon in first world nations. Presumably, the Atlantic Canada contains immense offshore-deposits of natural gas that are yet to be fully explored. However, the massive Athabasca oil sands position the country as the second largest home to verified oil reserves. Apart from the gas and oil industry, agricultural products also dominate the country’s economy. The country does well in wheat, and canola amongst others. Additionally, the country has erected major buildings in its towns because of timber the availability. Mining explorations have indeed made Canada a leading producer of zinc and uranium. The country also does well in gold, nickel, and aluminum. There are also leading signs that the country could be equally rich in lead, though the sector needs further exploration. The other remai ning major industries are automobiles and aeronautics. On the international trade market, Canada is one of the top 10 trading states in the world. It is a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), G7 8, APEC, UN, G20, and NATO. While these affiliations have contributed to its economic growth, its complex relationships, particularly with the US, have propelled Canada to great economic heights. Canada has long and significant relationship with the US dating back to the World War II. In 1988, the two nations signed another agreement, the Canada–US Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which removed all the economic tariffs between them. In 1994, the two countries extended the olive branch to other countries in the North American region under the agreement of the North American Free Trade (NAFTA) to expand their free trade market. Through these accords, the country managed to pay all its national debts and considerably incr eased surpluses in its annual budget. Economic Recession The worst crisis in the Canadian economic history happened in 2008 during the global financial recession. By the end of the year, Canada was already recording one of the highest unemployment rates in the region. By the end of 2009, the country’s national unemployment figure had hit 8.6 per cent. Regions of Labrador and Newfoundland were the highest hit in terms of unemployment, with the rates shooting as high as 17 per cent. The only province that was not seriously affected was Manitoba, with a low unemployment rate of 5.8 per cent. Between 2008 and 2010, the country’s labor market significantly reduced. Approximately, about 224,000 permanent jobs were lost. Another 163,000 around the clock jobs (full time) were also lost. Going by the scales, between 2008 and 2009, the Canadian state lost about $464 billion. The amount lost for the fiscal year 2010 – 2011, translates into a federal debt of about $567 bill ion, a real scaring figure for an economy. Its foreign debt, as of 2010, had also risen to an estimated amount of $ 194 billion. However, comparing the Canadian economic situation at the end of the crisis with other G8 nations, one would say Canada had better structures to contain the situation. One of the reasons could be that the federal government had set aside some budgetary surpluses in the previous years. It could also be the country’s regulated banking sector, which many economists believe was a better bailout for the country under the financial circumstances. Again, prior to the crisis, the federal state had also put long-term structures and policies that probably helped to lower the national debt significantly. On an average assessment, the global crisis of 2008 had minimal destruction to the Canadian economy compared to the other G8 nations. As of this year (2012), the Canadian economy is doing well and the worst hit sectors during the recession are steadily stabili zing. The country is also reaching out to new partners, especially the Asian countries, to expand its market. The Canadian industries have â€Å"begun reaching out to the Asian markets in order to diversify their exports† (Heinbecker and Momani 161). In the recent months, for instance, there have been wide talks with China to build an oil pipeline between the countries in order to facilitate in selling out its reserves to China. Canada has also tightened its economic relationship with the US to propel its economy (Heinbecker and Momani 161). GDP Growth Rate Canada’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in its entire economic history is estimated at an average growth rate of 0.83 per cent. The lowest GDP of -1.8 percent was recorded in 2009 during the global financial crisis, while the highest growth rate at an average of 3.33 percent was reached in 1963. As of the second quarter of this year, Canada’s GDP growth rate rose by 0.5 per cent from the rate of the previous qu arter. GPD growth rate is particularly important to the Canadian economy because it provides an aggregate measure of the country’s goods and services given its diverse and highly developed market (OECD 28). Conclusion Canada’s economy is one of the â€Å"largest economies in the world, with approximately US$1.74 trillion nominal GDP† (OECD 28). According to the research conducted in 2010 and 2011 respectively, the country was ranked as the world’s ninth and eleventh largest economy per capita income. As of the second quarter of 2012, the growth rate of GDP had risen by 0.5 per cent from that of the previous quarter. In economic freedom as per the heritage index, Canada is ranked the highest liberal economy across the North American bloc and Europe, beating major economies like the US and Germany. While the staples thesis argues that the Canadian economy primarily revolves on its natural resources, most analysts today believe that there is a great balance between the country’s natural resources and its international trade relationships. Works Cited Altman, Morris. â€Å"Staple Theory and Export-Led Growth: Constructing Different Growth.† Australian Economic History Review 43.3 (2012): 230-55. Print. Carlos, Ann, and Frank Lewis. â€Å"Property rights, competition, and depletion in the eighteenth century Canadian fur trade: the role of the European market.†Ã‚  Canadian Journal of Economics 32.3 (1999): 705-28. Print. Cyr, Hugo. Canadian Federalism and Treaty Powers: Organic Constitutionalism at  Work. Brussels: Peter Lang, 2009. Print. Easterbrook, Thomas, and Hugh Aitken. Canadian Economic History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988. Print. Easterbrook, Thomas, and Mel Watkins. Approaches to Canadian Economic History:  A selection of Essays. Carleton: McGrill-Queens, 1988. Print. Heinbecker, Paul, and Bessma Momani. Canada and the Middle East: In Theory and  Practice. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier Univers ity Press, 2007. Print. Kalman, Bobbie. Canada: The Land. Alberta: Crabtree Publishing Company, 2009. Print. Leslie, Peter. Canada: The State of the Federation. Ontario: IIGR, Queen’s University, Print. Martin, Ged. Britain and the Origins of Canadian Confederation, 1837-67. Ontario: UBC Press, 1995. Print. Messick, Richard, and Kaku Kimura. World Survey of Economic Freedom 1995-1996:  A Freedom House Study. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1996. Print. Norrie, Ken, and Rick Szostak. â€Å"Allocating Property Rights over Shoreline: Institutional Change in the Newfoundland Inshore Fishery.† Newfoundland and Labrador  Studies 20.2 (2005): 27-56. Print. OECD. OECD Regions at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011. Print. Ward, Tony. â€Å"The Origins of the Canadian Wheat Boom 1880-1910.† Canadian Journal  of Economics 24.4 (1994): 856-83. Print. This essay on Canadian Economic History was written and submitted by user SteelSerpent to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Coulombs Law Definition in Science

Coulomb's Law Definition in Science Coulombs law is a physical  law stating the force between two charges is proportional to the amount of charge on both charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The law is also known as Coulombs inverse square law. Coulombs Law Equation The formula for Coulomb law is used to express the force through which stationary charged particles attract or repel one another. The force is attractive if the charges attract each other (have opposite signs) or repulsive if the charges have like signs. The scalar form of Coulombs law is:F kQ1Q2/r2 or F ∠ Q1Q2/r2wherek Coulombs constant (9.0Ãâ€"109 N m2 C−2) F force between the chargesQ1 and Q2 amount of charger distance between the two charges A vector form of the equation is also available, which may be used to indicate both the magnitude and direction of the force between the two charges. There are three requirements which must be met in order to use Coulombs law: The charges must be stationary with respect to each other.The charges must be non-overlapping.The charges must be either point charges or else otherwise spherically symmetrical in shape. History Ancient people were aware certain objects could attract or repel each other. At the time, the nature of electricity and magnetism was not understood, so the underlying principle behind magnetic attraction/repulsion versus the attraction between an amber rod and fur was thought to be the same. Scientists in the 18th century suspected the force of the attraction or repulsion diminished based on the distance between two objects. Coulombs law was published by French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb in 1785. It may be used to derive Gausss law. The law is considered to be analogous to Newtons inverse square law of gravity. Sources Baigrie, Brian (2007). Electricity and Magnetism: A Historical Perspective. Greenwood Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0-313-33358-3Stewart, Joseph (2001). Intermediate Electromagnetic Theory. World Scientific. p. 50. ISBN 978-981-02-4471-2

Global Marketing Research Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Raw's paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Raw's - Term Paper Example Your idea is conventional; furthermore, it is in your best interest that the largest numbers of customers share the benefits. Indeed, corporations are widely revered for their success in the business world. The first major advantage of this model is limited liability of the stakeholders of the business (McQuaig & Billie 751). In case the business is declared, bankrupt or is engaged in a very expensive lawsuit the stakeholders are only entitled to pay amounts equivalent to their holding in the company. This assures the stakeholders that the debt will not exceed their personal property as experienced in sole proprietorships and partnerships. If the credits owed are not payable, there will be liquidation of the assets. This limits any personal obligation of the company’s stakeholders on the debt of the entity. This can guarantee the stakeholders a soft landing despite the unfavorable conditions since their personal property is intact. Secondly, a corporation is a distinct legal person illustrating that it has its jurisdiction. This means that the firm will possess its own property, engage in contracts, acquire, and terminate its possessions. This is beneficial, as the property of the firm will not be attached to individuals. However, the company will utilize this independently to satisfy the objectives of the firm. In legal proceedings, it is the company that is indicated and not the owners or employees of the firm (McQuaig & Billie 751). The business can pursue its operations when the executives are relieved of their positions. In sole proprietorship, the business is not separate from the owner; therefore, the proprietor determines the dissemination of resources in the organization. A contract is not detachable from a sole proprietor since his signature certifies the deal and he is obligated to fulfill the requirements. Since he is not eligible for the same exception as a corporation,