Free Research Papers

Free Research Papers Free Research Papers Free Research Papers: Paralympics Games! Before you begin composing free exploration paper, you ought to pick a point! While you are picking, you may find out about Sports and Games. This topic is wide and you may talk about for instance some clear sort of game. Individuals everywhere throughout the world are attached to sports and games. That is something, which individuals of each nationality and class are joined together. Game not just causes individuals to get solid and to grow genuinely yet in addition makes them increasingly sorted out and better trained in their every day exercises. It makes for a sound brain in a solid body. Sports help individuals to keep healthy. Free Research Papers: Paralympics Games. Fascinating point to focus is about Paralympics games. Not every person recognizes what it is. Along these lines, this section is committed to extra-standard sort of game. The Paralympics Games are a significant universal multi-sport occasion where physical handicap competit ors contend. This opposition incorporates competitors with portability incapacities, removals, visual impairment, and Cerebral Palsy. In your free examination papers you should call attention to that there are winter and summer Paralympics Games, which are followed Olympic Games. All Paralympics Games are represented by the International Paralympics Committee. Just because, the Olympic Games for the Deaf individuals, was hold in Paris in 1924. Inability competitors from wounds of musculoskeletal framework have been partaking effectively in sports simply after the Second World War. The first Paralympics Games were hold in the capital of Italy Rome, in 1960. The opposition was gone to by 400 competitors from 23 nations. The assignment of competitors in Italy has been the most various. Your free examination paper should open to the peruser such data like:In the start of 1976 Paralympics competition under the direction of the International handicapped individuals Sports Organization got engaged with the amputees, and with exceptionally low eyesight.Finally, in 1992 was made the International Paralympics Committee. Presently it incorporates 162 nations. Paralympics sports include: arrow based weaponry, shooting, games, cycling, dressage, fencing, judo, weightlifting, shooting, soccer 7x 7, 5 x 5 football, paddling, swimming, cruising, table tennis, tennis and rugby wheelchair, wheelchair b-ball, volleyball, moving on wheelchair. The investment of these one of a kind people in the Paralympics Games is their accomplishment, and our respect. This sense must be partaken in your free examination papers. Peruse this article, might be it will rouse you for composing magnificent free examination paper.

The Tyre Industry Sector

The Tire Industry Sector Tires and cylinders, the key elastic items and essential enhancements to the car vehicles are of most significance to the countrys economy. The tire business division is giving direct work to more than 40,000 individuals and backhanded work to lakhs of individuals. This industry division is currently being considered as a center industry part. The assembling of vehicle tires as a fundamental auxiliary for the improvement of car area appeared in India during the 1930s when the Dunlop India Ltd., the main tire fabricating transnational organization began its activity in 1935 at Sahaganj in West Bengal. During the early period the abroad tire fabricating organizations were having significant value support in the Indian assembling organizations. After 1970s there was an adjustment in the approach of Government and it chose not to endorse any outside value The setting up of joint part extends with different remote coordinated effort was viewed as achievable. At present 11 huge organizations with 15 processing plants and 9 medium-scale organizations dissipated all over India are producing tires and cylinders for car vehicles including air tires and tires for guard administrations. As evaluated, their all out creation during 1987 was 128 lakhs tires against the complete introduced limit of 179.44 lakhs tires. The fascinating element of the tire business in India is that beginning from its commencement to the current day its encouraging has been affected by rehashed import of specialized joint efforts. There is a dire need to develop indigenous capacities for tire innovation including the tire hardware. inside perspective on this, it was assessment attractive to complete the audit of close by status of this industry and to distinguish and dissect the basic information sources required for assimilation and up degree of imported innovation. The DSIR has present a framework National Register of Foreign Collaborations Which envision check and investigation of imported advancements in the nation additionally propose measures for fitting decision, obtaining and execution of remote ability. The primary targets of this arrangement are Undertake monetary, financial and legitimate investigation of set of information on outside joint efforts. Do an innovation examination of the imported hardware and give cutting edge apparatus being used in the nation and status of execution of union Provide the reason for National Science methodology at every possible opportunity. Over the long haul lead to unload maturing of imported innovation and in age of national quality in seriously buy just certain segments of apparatus. Organize with division of Industry, Commerce and Finance and so on by gave that hardware information input. Encourage increasingly proficient countrywide commitment with different associations, for example, UNCTAD, UNIDO, and ESCAP and so on and in the worldwide switch over of data and co-activity with current creating nation the three reports has been prepared under National Register of Foreign collusion to audit the Tyre Industry in India. 1.6 The In-house RD units in industry are favorably situated to assimilate and get enhanced the import apparatus. Hardware development in the Indian tire industry has observer a reasonable aggregate of ability and flexibility to retain, settle in and adjust overall innovation to suit Indian conditions. This is reflecting in the quick innovation movement from cotton (support) cadaver to elite spiral tires in a separation of four decades. Globalization has lead to the worried of the economy of the considerable number of countries thus key Indian organization in the tire business are seeking after worldwide methodology to improve their seriousness in worldwide markets. There segment for the most part embraces an impression of the Indian tire industry through a review of the Indian assessment of its extension patterns as for fabricate fares and obtaining of specialized ability. Development OF THE INDUSTRY Stage That is all Qualities Strategy Regime 1 1920-35 Negative local creation. Request met over the span of imports. Key organization included Dunlop, Firestone Goodyear. moderate import 2 1936-60 Home creation starts by recent exchange organizations: Dunlop, Firestone, and Goodyear with India Tire Rubber Company. Weight of traiff likewise non traiff obstruction on import. 3 1961-74 Indian organizations MRF, most significant Incheck-enter present day quarter with remote innovation; permit of reward creation limit. Guideline on limit extension and repatriation of benefits of inaccessible organizations; requirement of fare commitment on MNC; assurance from outside rivalry 4 1975 - 1991 Section of enormous Indian business houses like Singhania Modi specialized coordinated efforts with MNCs, presentation of outspread tires, vertical combination and exponential development in tire creation sends out Delicensing of creation, setting of imports under OGL with tax non-tax obstructions 5 1992 onwards Outside exchange advancement decline in exchange obligation; reemergence of MNCs additionally independently or in collaboration with Indian capital. Dynamic decrease in present obligation; changed imports Vehicles Outspread Tire Inclination Tire Bike Engine Bike Front Engine Bike Rear Bike Front Bike Rear Truck, Busses Homestead Service Tractor Rear Tractor Front Fork Industrial Light Commercial Vehicle Outspread Tire Inclination Tire Substantial business vehicles inadequate open vehicle framework, particularly in the semi-urban and country zone better accessibility of modest buyer account in the previous 3-4 years; Increment accessibility of eco-friendly and low-support models. rising urbanization, which makes a requirement for individual transportation; change in the segment profile; atmosphere and street developments stable increment in per capita profit over the history five years; and Expanding figure of model with changed kind to fulfill different clients needs. Cost: Cost, by and large, is plausible to be the most essential determinant of interest since its as often as possible the underlying thing that individuals consider when choose the amount of a thing to purchase. The huge well known of merchandise and ventures obey what business analysts call the law of interest that, every other person being equivalent, the sum requested of a thing decline when the cost increment and the other way around. (There are a few special cases to this standard, yet they are rare) Pay focused on individuals: Various organizations focus on their objective client bunch as indicated by their pay gathering and in this way the all out interest is decide as indicated by pay gathering. In tire item request got from the car items. So most popularity development in bike section think about another segmement. Special Scheme Various organizations give diverse special plan to push-up their deals and pull in the client. If there should arise an occurrence of some unique plans like the 0% intrigue and abject installment conspire. Deals of expanded by up to 70% of absolute deals. Deals design consistently There was assent at the assessment that there is a droop in June, July and August and furthermore during the second 50% of December. At the hour of celebrations, particularly Dusshera and Diwali or at the hour of the marriage season the deals are high. The explanation given for droop were In summers, individuals for the most part go for summer visits and go through a great deal of cash so they delay their buys. On account of strict reasons (Shraddh) in the long stretch of August. Individuals dont like to buy vehicles during the stormy season. Socioeconomics: Obviously high populace of India has been one of the key explanations behind immense volume of car industry in India. Components that might be growing interest incorporate expanding populace and an expanding extent of youthful people in the populace that will be increasingly disposed to utilize and bring vehicle back. Additionally, increment in individuals with lesser reliance on fixed just family pay structure is probably going to increase the value of vehicle request. Cost of Fuel Development in oil costs likewise have a contact on interest for gigantic vehicle in India. During time of high fuel cost as talented in 2007 and first - half of 2008, interest for immense vehicle decrease for littler, more eco-friendly vehicle. The change designs in client inclination for littler more fuel proficient vehicle prompted the dispatch of Tata Motors Nano one of universes littlest and least expensive. NAME OF COMPANY Piece of the pie MRF Tires 22% APOLLO Tire 21.7% J K Tire 20% CEAT 13% KESORAM INDUSTRIES 6% DUNLOP 3% Bird of prey 2% TCIL 1.5% MODI RUBBER 12.4 Great YEAR 7% Staying 5 % of offer by other player. MADRAS RUBBER FACTORY Prominently known as MRF, is a significant tire fabricating organization arranged in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and India. MRF makes a wide range of tires from auto to vehicle, preference to spiral and cylinders and transport lines. It is Indias fundamental tire producing organization and among the dozen significant around the world. It fares to in excess of 65 nations. MRF is the sister related of the main malayalam every day Malayala Manorama.The maker of the MRF, Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappilai was the sibling generally Mr.K.M.Mathew, ex-boss editorial manager of Malayala Manorama. MRF become the initial Indian organization to send out tires to USA the exceptionally home of tire innovation. Deals crossed INR two billion. MRF tires were the primary tires chose for fitment on the Maruti Suzuki 800 Indias first little, present day vehicle. Apollo Tire Apollo Tires Ltd is the universes fifteenth greatest tire maker with yearly merge pay of Rs 121.5 billion (US$ 2.5 billion) in 2011. It was found in 1976. Its first plant was extraordinarily made in Perambra, Kerala. In 2006 the organization gained Dunlop Tires International of South Africa. The organization presently has four assembling unit in India, two in South Africa, two in Zimbabwe and 1 in Netherlands. It has an arrangement of more than 4,000 vendors in India, of which more than 2,500 are select outlets. In South Africa, it has more than 900 vendors, of which 190 are Dunlop Accredited Dealers. It

the runaround

the runaround So on Sunday, I turned 20. I am now OLD. Now since I have a summer birthday, I rarely ever have the opportunity to celebrate my birthday with my friends, so clearly since I had the opportunity to do so this year, I definitely did. Celebration Round 1 (Will post pictures from this night as soon as I find my camera cable) So Thursday night, we went to Bettys Wok and Noodle Diner for a birthday dinner. Bettys is right behind Symphony Hall, so if you were to use your free College Card courtesy of [emailprotected], you could grab a bite to eat before the performance begins. After dinner, some of us went to JP Licks for some ice cream. (This summer I have eaten ice cream at least 5 days of every week. I have an addiction.) Round #2 Saturday and Sunday, I celebrated by purchasing things I didnt really need as Massachusetts had a tax-free holiday. Round #3 Sunday night is when one of the more interesting parts of the celebration began. I received an email in my inbox that read: yesterday was someones birthday. today we celebrate. but lets be logicaltheres work to be done first. bryan: youre in charge. if the work isnt done, youre the one in trouble. if however, you cant do it yourself, maybe you wanna ask for help. those asked for help: id get something good out of the deal before you offer your intelligence :) for those who want to join the festivities tonight: 6:30 meet on kresge oval for a picnic 7:00 the first secret is revealed So over the course of the day on Monday, a friend would randomly send me a puzzle to solve that would help me later on during the day for the runaround. I met my friends at 7 pm at Annas Taqueria where the runaround began. After a few hours of running around campus, I finally found my present hidden in a dryer in the Baker laundry room. It was definitely a fun night, and it will probably be my only opportunity ever to participate in a mystery hunt runaround. A few pictures from the runaround: Many thanks to the Godzillas for one of the best birthdays ever. Who are the Godzillas, you ask? Tune in during the month of September, same bat time, same bat channel. Theres just one thing left to do to finish celebrating my birthday, and that is to eat some cake. (Edit: At 10:09 PM on Wednesday the 17th, I ate cake.) That is all for now.

Police Brutality And Black Teen Discrimination - 914 Words

Everyone has heard of what happened in Ferguson, Missouri. Mike Brown, an unarmed 18-year-old African-American male, was shot and killed by Caucasian police officer Darren Wilson on August 9, 2014. This incident sparked an uproar on police brutality, escalating the whole white cop and black teen discrimination. Apparently Officer Wilson shot Mike Brown while he was trying to surrender. Even after police stated otherwise it was meant with skepticism. It all started after Officer Wilson saw two men walking down the middle of the street. There was a call sent out about a robbery by two African-American men earlier that day. Maybe it was the suspects, Officer Wilson drove by and told them to walk on the sidewalk and that went it from zero to one hundred. After a few words Mike Brown punched Officer Wilson in the face. Officer Wilson went for his weapon telling Brown to back off or he’ll get shot. Brown ignored and attempted to take the gun, that’s when Officer Wilson pulled the trigger. After multiple times pulling the trigger it finally went off. Glassed shattered with blood, Brown backed off then came back with his hands up only to attack Officer Wilson again. Officer Wilson pulled the trigger again until it fired. This time Brown made a run for it, Officer Wilson took chase only to see the Brown had stopped and turn to charge him. After multiple shots it was over with Brown dead on the street. After the Grand Jury decision to not indict Officer Wilson there was an explosionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of White Rage By Carol Anderson1151 Words   |  5 PagesLately in the media police brutality has been a very popular topic. Most of the instances reported in the media are of white police officers killing African Americans for seemingly nothing. These reports have strengthened the divide between both races. In â€Å"White Rage† by Carol Anderson the issue of police brutality is touched on within the first few words of her essay. Anderson talk s about many acts of aggression at the hands of white men, and she seems to really focus on an unarmed African AmericanRead MoreBreaking The School Of Prison Pipeline859 Words   |  4 Pageswhether you were black, Latino, or white? Unfortunately, police brutality is the sad reality that many black and Latino boys experience in their childhood. The disadvantages of their upbringing results to the reinforcement of societal restrictions on their success. On a positive note, education becomes salvation to marginalized group because it provides them means to escape the system that prevents them from becoming successful. However, Charles M. Blows and Victor M. Rios reveal that black and LatinoRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Justice System1090 Words   |  5 Pageswith that pain. There’s no closure. There’s no nothing. Especially when the person or child was so violently taken away from you.† said Juanita Young, mother of Malcom Ferguson, who s son was killed by t he result of police brutality. He is not the first or last person of the black minority to be cheated by the justice system. Today it is perfectly legal to discriminate against criminals in nearly all the ways that it was once legal to discriminate against African Americans(Alexander). The justiceRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King s Make America Great Again Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesinequality in workforce, American society, judicial system, education and etc. Racial Minorities are encountered in a very poorly manner, arguably minorities blame â€Å"white supremacy, white privilege† being the reason why a chain of black lives have been lost with â€Å"police brutality† . People in the United states are labeled by the exterior and often forgiveful in the reality of people being the same in the interior. 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The riot caused many crimes to occur; participants of the riot burned down business stores, destroyed properties, and some activities involved guns that have led to many deaths. Many South Central residents were unsatisfied with police brutalit y and the way their community were being treated. Although the riot only lasted for aboutRead MoreRacial Profiling Is A Special Case Of Discrimination800 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Racial Profiling,† racial profiling is a special case of discrimination. The concern with profiling began, and is primarily, focused, on police stopping motorists and searching their vehicles because of the driver s ethnicity. This is where the term â€Å"Driving while Black† came to light in 1989. Such actual unconventional policies exist in many police departments. Uncovering it often depends on the testimony of the officer. In New Jersey, Black and Hispanic state troopers have testified that they wereRead MorePolice Brutality And Police Cruelty1118 Words   |  5 PagesPolice brutality has occurred all across the world and is still a major amongst society and police organization. This brutality arranges from assaults, death as a result, of use of force, harassment, Etc. It takes two for ms which is physical brutality which includes assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes use of verbal language. Police officers have been granted the privilege of using â€Å"non-negotiable force† (Bittner 1970) to control citizens’ behavior and ensure public order. Police useRead MoreThe Today s Society s Matters908 Words   |  4 Pagesinequality in workforce,American society, judicial system,education and etc. Racial Minorities are encountered in a very poorly manner, arguably minorities blame â€Å"white supremacy, white privilege† being the reason why a chain of black lives have been lost due to â€Å"police brutality† . People in the United states are labeled by the exterior and often forgiveful in the reality of people being the same in the interior. Despite the rough patches America has faced, America will never be united if we don tRead MoreNon Violent Protest And The Civil Rights Movement922 Words   |  4 Pagescivil rights activi st Jimmie Lee Jackson, in March of 1965. The protest would later become known as â€Å"Bloody Sunday,† where weaponless protesters would be met by the brutal forces of state troopers. During this time, beatings and murders committed by police forces were not an uncommon or unheard of events. Largely American citizens were passive about the injustice towards African-Americans in this era. However, television companies broadcasted Bloody Sunday, live across the nation. The American audience

About the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a Cabinet-level department in the executive branch of the U.S. federal government. The Justice Department is responsible for enforcing the laws enacted by Congress, administration of the U.S. justice system, and ensuring that the civil and constitutional rights of all Americans are upheld. The DOJ was established in 1870, during the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant, and spent its early years prosecuting members of the Ku Klux Klan. The DOJ oversees the activities of multiple federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). The DOJ represents and defends the U.S. government’s position in legal proceedings, including cases heard by the Supreme Court. The DOJ also investigates cases of financial fraud, administers the federal prison system, and reviews the actions of local law enforcement agencies according to the provisions of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994. In addition, the DOJ oversees the actions of the 93 U.S. Attorneys who represent the federal government in courtrooms nationwide. Organization and History The Department of Justice is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President of the United States and must be confirmed by a majority vote of the U.S. Senate. The Attorney General is a member of the President’s Cabinet. At first, a one-person, part-time job, the position of Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789. At the time, the duties of the Attorney General were limited to providing legal advice to the president and Congress. Until 1853, the Attorney General, as a part-time employee, was paid substantially less than the other Cabinet members. As a result, those early Attorneys General typically supplemented their salary by continuing to conduct their own private law practices, often representing paying clients before state and local courts in both civil and criminal cases. In 1830 and again in 1846, various members of Congress tried to make the Attorney Generals Office a full-time position. Finally, in 1869, Congress considered and passed a bill creating a Department of Justice to be headed by a full-time Attorney General. President Grant signed the bill into law on June 22, 1870, and the Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1, 1870. Appointed by President Grant, Amos T. Akerman served as America’s first Attorney General and used his position to vigorously pursue and prosecute Ku Klux Klan members. During President Grants first term alone, the Justice Department had issued indictments against Klan members, with over 550 convictions. In 1871, those numbers increased to 3,000 indictments and 600 convictions. The 1869 law that created the Department of Justice also increased the Attorney Generals responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys, the prosecution of all federal crimes, and the exclusive representation of the United States in all court actions. The law also permanently barred the federal government from using private lawyers and created the office of Solicitor General to represent the government before the Supreme Court. In 1884, control of the federal prison system was transferred to the Justice Department from the Department of the Interior. In 1887, enactment of the Interstate Commerce Act gave the Justice Department responsibility for some law enforcement functions. In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order giving the Justice Department responsibility for defending the United States against claims and demands filed against the government. Mission Statement The mission of the Attorney General and the U.S. Attorneys is: â€Å"To enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law; to ensure public safety against threats foreign and domestic; to provide federal leadership in preventing and controlling crime; to seek just punishment for those guilty of unlawful behavior; and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans.†

How to Get Software Requirements Right Free Essays

How to get Software Requirements right Abstract The importance of getting the software requirement right has made big difference to so many major projects in the IT industry. Many techniques and solutions have been developed for understanding and getting software requirements right first time in the software development life cycle, but fewer people are taking these techniques into account and this is the reason why most of the IT projects are failing. I define here how to get software requirements right and why it has become some important to get software requirements right. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Get Software Requirements Right or any similar topic only for you Order Now Introduction Requirements Analysis is known as the process which allows us to understand the customer needs and expectation from proposed software. It is the first and one of the main stages in the Software Development Life Cycle model. Software requirements are functional and non-functional requirements of the system, which includes a brief description of how a system should behave as well as brief descriptions of a system’s functions. Software requirements can state what an application is expected to do. Outsource2India pointed out that â€Å"the software requirement analysis process includes the complex task of eliciting and documenting the requirements of all the users, modelling and analysing the requirements and documenting them as a basis for system design†. There are different level and types of software requirement, which should be defined to get software requirements right. As shown in Figure 1, Business level requirements are there to define the business problem, business opportunities as well as what business is requesting as a solution of the problem. A user level requirement looks at the functionality of the software from user’s view. Product level requirements are where we define functional and non-functional requirements of the system such as the functionalities of the software and the usability needs it should meet. The reason why Software Requirements is known to be very important and major role in developing a project is because it gives the developer a brief description of what he/she needs to develop. It gives them better understanding of a system, which results in better system. Eliciting, analysing and writing good requirements is the hardest and most difficult part of building a software system because if you don’t get the requirements right, it doesn’t matter how well you do anything else. It is said Outsource2India that â€Å"Software companies are now investing time and resources into effective and streamlined Software Requirements Analysis Processes as a prerequisite to successful projects that align with the client’s business goals and meet the project’s requirement specifications†. If the requirements of software are incomplete, software practitioners will end up building software that does not meet the needs of the customer and the user. State of the Art As mentioned earlier, requirement analysis is one of the most important phases in the entire software development life cycle. It is very important to identify and understand the software requirement before moving on to other phases of software development life cycle. It was said by Pooja. R. Gupta that â€Å"When project managers plan for the software development they need to plan for adequate time and resource allocation for this phase†. Experienced requirement analyst like Hooks and Ferry has said that result of getting requirement right, early in the project, can save one-third or more of the overall project budget, which again states how important it is to get software requirements right in order to save time, money as well as achieve goals of the software. Another experienced requirement analyst Leffingwell points out that if you get your software requirements right at the beginning then it can save you the cost of fixing requirements errors as the cost of fixing requirements account for 70% to 80% of your rework costs. Getting requirements right is the most critical aspect of the software development cycle. Software Productivity Centre mentioned that most of the companies come up short; studies point to a failure rate of more than 60% for IT projects, with poor requirements as one of the top five reasons. Moreover, when requirements are specified early in the lifecycle, 80% of the functionality is relatively unwanted by the users and 45% of these features are never used. These problems mean costly rework, compromised product quality, delayed delivery on current projects and start of new ones, lost credibility and lowered revenue opportunities. Developing and managing requirements at the start of a software project can provide significant benefits to the whole outcome: – Quicker and easier to develop and deliver high value products. – Greater insights into development capacity and capabilities. – Better understanding of the organisation and customer needs. – Higher business and user satisfaction with the overall product. – Closer alignment with business goals and expectations. – Cost saving – Result of the product is what the company actually required so get a product that meets the requirements of the system. Reduces rework and conflicts which would have come from unclear and ambiguous requirements. How to get the requirements right? According to Pooja. R. Guptam, in order to get the software requirements right, it can be very beneficial to cover all the following aspects of requirement analysis: 1. Define the problem and High level description of the solution: It is very im portant to understand the problem and the need for solution. The requirement analyst needs to understand how the new solution going to help and what benefits it is going to provide to the company. 2. Cover needs of all stakeholders and users of the solution: At this point, you must identify and understand the needs of the stake holders as well the users who are ultimately going to use the new system because you need to produce the system, which meets user requirements. 3. Define what the solution should and should not do: It is very obvious that we might know what the solution should do but we always forget the we also need to understand and define what the solution will not do so that requirements can be stated in a manner that we won’t be left with any imagination or doubts. 4. Define the features required: This is one of the main tasks of a requirement analyst. It is very important to define the functional and non-functional requirements of the software solution before starting to design the solution. Defining the functional and non-functional requirement is not all that needs to be done; you must also make sure that they are the correct requirements. 5. Capture all supporting information: It’s a good idea to include and record details of any processes followed, workflow, information flow, etc. It is also beneficial to record any other information which might be relevant to the solution. Conclusion In my opinion, I believe software requirements play quite a big role in the whole software development life cycle. The experience of developing such software project has made it so clear how important software requirement can be. Defining software requirements earlier in the project can provide the best solution of a system at the end. In my personal experience of developing software projects has given me the idea of how to get software requirements right, which are to firstly create requirement definition because it is the foundation of effective software delivery. Secondly, define requirements among stakeholders to address their needs, business problems and the vision of the software so that stakeholder’s goals and objectives can be met because if stakeholders requirements are not met or unclear then the developer will have difficulty building the solution without rework, which results in longer development lifecycles and higher costs. By investing more time on software requirements early in the software development process can save time, effort as well as money in the short and long terms. By following these paths in developing software projects can lead to a successful system. As mentioned earlier about the types of requirements that should be identified before moving to other part of software life cycle. It is very important to define all the business level, user level and the product level requirements because a developer needs all of these requirements in order to develop the right software. It is a very idea to follow the software development life cycles, which defines that requirement analysis is the first process of developing a project. In my previous projects, I believe a software development model has helped in defining the right requirements so it is a good advice to take this into consideration when designing any kind of software projects. Requirement Definition process also helps in defining the right requirement. References James A. Ward http://www. stickyminds. com/sitewide. asp? Function=edetailObjectType=ARTObjectId=9150tth=DYNtt=siteemailiDyn=2 Software Productivity Centre http://www. spc. ca/dc_software_requirements. htm Pooja R. Gupta http://ezinearticles. com/? Five-Tips-For-Getting-the-Software-Requirement-Analysis-Right-the-First-Timeid=1714473 IBM http://www. utdallas. edu/~chung/RE/Getting_requirements_right-avoiding_the_top_10_traps. pdf Brianna Smith, delivery engagement manager, Rational software, IBM Software Group Lisa Garrity, technical professional, Rational software, IBM Software Group Theresa Kratschmer, senior software engineer, Rational software, IBM Software Group http://www. modernanalyst. com/Resources/Articles/tabid/115/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1084/Getting-Your-Requirements-Right-Collaborate-With-Stakeholders-To-Work-Smarter. aspx My project Management http://myprojectmanagement. com/category/requirement-analysis/ How to cite How to Get Software Requirements Right, Papers

Rationalization of Hip Hop free essay sample

Hip-Hop Sameness In contemporary popular culture, hip-hop music Is as ubiquitous as Taylor Swift, the new teen pop sweetheart, or arguably more popular than the once-prevailing American genre, rock and roll music. However, although one can argue that a wide breadth of hip-hop pervades the airways, it would be very difficult to contend that a wide depth of the genre is played. In fact, the vast majority of mainstream hip-hop music focuses on money and buying things with that money be it cars, clothes, jewelry or women.Hip-hop, once known for being a highly political social commentary has largely been reduced to music videos with half-naked dancing women, drawing scrutiny from media broadcasters such as Opera and Bill Reilly. Considering its activist roots, the question remains why Is mainstream hip-hop focused on the glorification of money and power through possession? There are many possible explanations for the degeneration of music In the public sphere that Is, why hip hop music that Is most-widely received on television, on the radio, and In magazines has a one-dimensional and superficial message. This paper will argue that mainstream hip-hop lyrics primarily focus on obtaining and spending money for two reasons: the first being that rappers, who write their lyrics, become slaves to their possessions because of commodity fetishism. The second reason has a broader discourse: because this theme is highly lucrative, it is bolstered by music corporations, who rationalize and Nationalized (duplicate) music that will be successful, disregarding lyrical content. This paper will focus on the causes through three sociological lenses: Max Weepers theory of the rationalization of society, andGeorge Rioters contemporary addendum to this theory; the Nationalization of society. Weber and Relaters theories will serve as a large-scale explanation for the ever-increasing sameness of pop music In general. Karl Mars theory of commodity fetishism, the unrealistic attachment of the masses to their possessions, will explicate how rappers, as exploits of capitalism, become fixated on their belongings. Karl Marks theory of commodity fetishism is a vital component to explaining why rappers so often write about money. The number one hip-hop song on the 2009 Billboard Charts, was Live Your Life, a song by rapper T. Featuring pop princes s Iranian (Billboard Charts). The chorus repeats the importance of earning money to live a high life. The song was the De facto most widely played rap song on the radio, in nightclubs and other musical venues. There are endless possibilities of subjects rappers could be tiresomely obsessed with in our society trite song fare like love, hate, life and death, war, or even sex. Why, of all things, must it be things? Owning things, buying things, spending money, enjoying things essentially, taking full advantage of money and desperately needing money to fulfill this lifestyle.The answer becomes all too clear when one understands how our economic system, capitalism, trickles down to affect all facets of life. Karl Marx was a radical communist, exploitative in which the working class, the laborers (proletariat) worked to live hand-to-mouth while the owning class, or the bourgeoisie became progressively richer. In capitalist society, the bourgeoisie economic minority dominates and exploits the proletariat working cla ss majority through setting an unequal balance between the wages paid to the laborer and the amount of profits earned by the landowner. This division of labor ultimately results in men being enslaved by their Morning conditions. The division of labor offers us the first example of how, as long as man remains in natural society, that is, as long as cleavage exists between particular and the common interest, as long, therefore, as the activity is not totalitarian, but naturally, divided, mans own deed becomes an alien power opposed to him, which enslaves him instead of being controlled by him (Marx 42). Ere theory, which explains why rappers become indivisible from their earnings, is part of Mars theory of commodity fetishism.According to Marx, commodity fetishism is a byproduct of capitalism that instills the belief that there is some inherent value in commodities instead of acknowledging the value as being instilled through human labor. To quote Marx: A commodity appears, at first sight, a very trivial thing, and easily understood. So far as it is a value in use, there is nothing mysterious about it, whether we consi der it from the point of view that by its properties it is capable of satisfying human wants, or from the point that those properties are the product of human labor.The form of wood, for instance, is altered by making a table out of it. Yet, for all that the table continues to be that common, every-day thing, wood. But, so soon as it steps forth as a commodity, it is Changed into something transcendent. It not only stands with its feet on the ground, but, in relation to all other commodities, it stands on its head, and evolves out of its Noodle brain grotesque ideas, far more wonderful than if it were to dance of its own accord (Marx 62).Marx aimed to critique how capitalist societies fetishist commodities, believing that these objects containing value and bestow upon the user an intrinsic worth. In this quotation, Marx impresses upon the reader that a table is simply wood altered into hat we call table, transformed from human labor into something useful. However, there is a belief that once it is a commodity, once it is sold in stores and advertised to the consumer, it becomes transcendent and stands on its head, dancing. Suddenly it has qualities that make it super-human and therefore better than humanity. According to Marx, this belief pervaded all of capitalism and became a reason that people needed to work to live to buy things, all necessary to keep the capitalist yester afloat (63). Mars theory can also be applied to this hip-hop monotony. When rappers write songs about living your life and keep steady chasing that paper as the All. Song dictates (Harris), they are projecting their obsession with their commodities and the beatification of these commodities. To use a more recent popular hip-hop track, the song Say Ayah by Trey Songs featuring rapper Fabulous is a prime example.One verse : We dont buy no drinks at the bar/ we pop champagne cause En got that dough / pocket full of money / club going Jump / smelling like Dolce and ND is centrally about living a luxurious lifestyle that affords one the ability to drink top-shelf liquor at a night club (Billboard Charts). Marx would say that these rappers fetishist alcoholic beverages and believe that they are distilled with magical pow ers that foster having a more enjoyable time in a club setting. There is another level to explain why rappers so readily fetishist commodities, as opposed to Indies folk singers or neo-soul groups.One can draw a correlation between these artists growing up poor and black, desperately seeking a way out of urban decay and seizing hip-hop music as that opportunity. Sociologist James Peterson believes that through observing the former social location of most hip-hop artists, it becomes easy to discern why this particular genre has cornered the market on materialism. In Dead Presence: Money and Mortal themes in Hip Hop Culture, Peterson argues that the intersection of poverty and blackness leads hip-hop artists who come from destitute roots to become fixated on the idea of having money.Because these artists grew up Introit luxuries like name brands and gratuitous amenities, the ascension to a level of corpulent wealth enables the desire to buy commodities and wield them as if they eave transformed the buyer into someone else. Peterson says that the v ernacular dead presidents developed a socio-linguistic conception for money in poor, urban areas because of the tacit presence of untimely death through gang activity (897). In turn, possessing dead presidents is a way to vindicate a lack of success in obtaining the American Dream denied to black men because of racism, poverty, and imprisonment. Peterson defines the American dream as the symbol of American living that excludes poor black men a well-paying Job, nice house, and happy family 1895). For these men, the President of the United States is the personification of the American Dream and if he can not advocate for disenfranchised black men while living, then it is poetic Justice to own him while he is dead (895). Peterson makes a broad connection to Mars theory commodity fetishism in his discursive about these once-impoverished black men obtaining monetary wealth and needing their new- found success to develop self-worth. [Rapper] Racism contemplates his transition from being a stick-up kid (robbing people for money) to the CEO of a record label No eats caviar ND the financial success that keeps him rapping to prevent ever going back to that hopeless past (Peterson 895). Peterson analysis of rappers indication of their past wrongdoings through continuous earnings of dead presidents explores the personal dimension of commodity fetishism and its effect on artistry.Men who grew up with nothing, men who become some of the most prolific hip hop artists in the mainstream, take the painful memories of their past and transform them into the positive a boastful braggadocio about the things they do have, what they can afford and how it has affected their lives. This is reflected in their song lyrics and music videos. In example, rapper T. L. Grew up in a ghetto of Atlanta and started selling drugs at the age of 13. Somehow he garnered attention as a rapper and got a record contract at 19 (Wisped). Fast-forward ten years and his most popular sing is a song entitled Whatever U Like, which was number one on the Billboard Charts. The song literally entices a potential female by telling her she can have whatever she likes clothing, Jewelry, vacations, cars. Essentially, any commodity that money can buy that somehow transforms the female into super- re compelled by commodity fetishism to boost their images and present to the listener an enviable lifestyle. As Marx would say, the commodity fetishism present in the lyrics of hip-hop artist is indicative of the workers enslavement to capitalism and the daily-grind.There is another explanation for why the hip-hop music that is Model broadcasted seems to be focused on money and all that one can buy with money Max Weepers theory on rationalization of modern society. This theory is a key component to this seeming obsession with possession, that our entire society is predicated on the rationalization and bureaucratically. According to Web er, in order to increase efficiency every methodological way of proceeding or getting anything done, has turned into a highly bureaucratic process that ensures predictability. In steering the course of societal development, values, traditions, and emotions were being displaced in favor or formal and impersonal practices. While such practices may breed greater efficiency in obtaining designated ends, they also lead to the disenchantment of the world, where there are no mysterious and incalculable forces that come into play, but rather that one can, in principle, master all things by ululation (Weber 146). Ere surety of this predictability comes at the expense of spontaneity, surprise, and thus, excitement.Those affected by this rationalization are everyday citizens who slowly become disenchanted by day-to-day living, as there is very little that we cannot control or alter. As a result, Weber believed that rather than increasing freedom and autonomy, rationalization makes a slavish adherence to the rules of the modern bureaucracy and ultimately imprisons the individual within the iron cage of rationalized institutions, organizations, and activities. In Max Weber and the Sociology of Music, Alan Turtle expounds upon how the music industry is affected by the rationalization process. Musicians are certainly influenced by their social, spatial, economic, and cultural environment, but these are not the primary issues for a musicians production of music. Yet, if one were to rely on Weepers theory alone, economic rationale would have to be the bases for musical production and consumption (634). Thus, Turtle believes that while musicians are inspired by their lives for lyrical content, the primary reason for the music that we hear today is not he artists themselves. Instead, rappers are not so much the artists of their music, as the conveyers of a product from corporations.George Rioters extension of this Inebriate idea, the theory of the Nationalization of society further explores why hip-hop is increasingly rationalized, and increasingly more of the same talk of money and possessions. Ritzier, like Weber, believes that all facets of social life are slowly conforming to the same criteria of rationalization, as defined by the businesses and corporations with advertising power. Rationalization involves the increasing effort to ensure predictability from one time or place to another.People want to know what to expect in all settings at all times (58). Ritzier is saying that the fast food industry and the complete McDonalds empire of rationalized fast, convenient, easy food is one example of controlling consumers. Big corporations are also Nationalizing other mediums of public consumption, and hip-hop music is that medium, in this argument. Because the hip hop industry makes $2 billion annually in music sales has an effective formula, and big conglomerates see no need to alter what is still Morning (Micrometer 96).The result of this is music on the airways that glorifies money and whatever money can buy. Peterson makes a conjecture that music corporations are aware of the impact of rappers bragging about their ice and take full advantage of that. With the popularity of rap since the early ass, the linkage of corporate strategies and marketing techniques has undeniably altered the trajectory of hip hop (899). Peterson further explains how corporations capitalized on the showing off of hip hop artists. Coming from places where money was tight, possessing luxury items are a sign of status for rappers. Rappers are highly influential, and wearing thousands of dollars of ice around their necks not only affected their audience, but also their state-of-mind. Being sponsored to wear Nikkei Air Force Ones sneakers or even top-shelf liquor like Couriers was a way for rappers to display their status and prestige and corporations made a nice profit from the fans of rap music who desperately sought the same lifestyle (900).Therefore, hip hop music is further rationalized and Nationalized because the music corporations have a vested interest in making a profit from hip hop fans. If en from this perspective, it is no wonder that hip hop music sends a message loud and clear: access to money is supreme, money and what you can buy with it. In a sense, the rationalization of hip-hop music is more attributed to the record companies than the artists themselves because of the influence of the corporat ions.In Music, Corporate Power, and Unending War, Martin Schrodinger makes a strong argument about how corporations own and thereby control the culture industry, specifically music. Schrodinger cites Max Herkimer and Theodore Adorns theory about all cultural activities being increasingly controlled by corporate chicanery (Schrodinger 24). Due to the extreme concentration of ownership of the mass media, the music industry has become a major site of centralized power; AOL rime Warner owns magazines, publishing houses, retail stores, production companies, libraries, sports teams, and radios.Thus, musical production has become forced to succumb to the marketing and styling of narrow, profit-driven criteria (26). Specifically relating to the rationalization of pop music, Schrodinger outlines how mass-produced music has a tendency to hegemonic stereotypical ideas for the sake f quantity and therefore quality or message of music suffers. These corporate strategies provide ever more ways of rationalizing and monitoring the activities of producers and consumers alike, as a means of increasing profits (45). The bottom line is that the music is profitable.Therefore, while T. L. s single Hell of a Life may detail how lavish his lifestyle is, and is thematically no different than Whatever U Like, it has a good beat and subject matter that will entice and entertain consumers. Schrodinger suggests that artists ultimately have little control surrounding the work they produce, beyond their genre. Therefore, hip hop artists are being encouraged to produce music that mentions name brands and opulence because that in turn encourages consumers (or listeners) to buy things that corporations are selling.This theory looks at the rationalization of hip-hop as merely one of many genres being micro-managed, and rappers themselves are supplanted to regurgitate messages of said lifestyle per a capitalistic scheme. Mars theory of commodity fetishism and but can be pooled to find a common ground. Commercial hip-hop, the music that is played on the radio, is controlled by conglomerate whose aim is to target consumers ND have them purchase more of the music or the commoditie s mentioned in the lyrics. Hip-hop is a particularly profitable sector to rationalize because of the social location of both its performers, and some listeners. Many popular rap artists who grew up in poverty relish rapping about the money and things that they have gained n their careers, because psychologically they are fixated on the commodities that they believe make them more important than who they used to be. This is a perfect match for record labels who can make a profit exploiting the hip-hop listeners who re still impoverished themselves, and use hip-hop music as a sort of refuge from everyday life.To put it simply, hip-hop artists are obsessed with things they have now because it is a signifier of their newly gained status, and companies rationalize this music because it succeeds. Hip-hop is oft-talked about and popularized in the public sphere. The consistent question is aimed at the negative impacts of hip-hop on [Out. Seen from the perspective of how the rationalization of hip-hop, via commodity f etishism and Nationalization of music, is affecting contemporary progeny, the implications are numerous. The young people who are listening to hip- hop and retaining the messages from it are impacted.In a 2003 research study done on adolescents feelings toward rap music, 90% of black youth surveyed stated that they felt rap was a truthful reflection of society (Sullivan 616). That is, that what rappers say about important and relevant to the adolescents lives the message that IS being sent to these youth is one that glorifies consumerism, materialism, and essentially buying happiness through this commodity fetishism. This is problematic because it instills an unrealistic view of what one can attain monetarily and cultural ales to pass on to the next generation.